Introduction

---

WDSPdb 3.0

• WDSPdb, originally created in 2014, is a database for WD40-repeat proteins. It serves as a free and comprehensive resource to provide high quality structural information of WD40 proteins as well as the featured sites, including the special hydrogen-bond network residues and interaction hotspot residues. WDSPdb 3.0 is based on UniprotKB 2022_02, and it stores more than 1,600,000 predicted WD40-repeat proteins from about 36,000 species. Compared to its previous version (WDSPdb 2.0, released in 2019), the proteins in WDSPdb 3.0 have increased about 1,000,000.
• WDSPdb provides accurate structure predictions and featured sites annotations specifically for WD40-repeat domains, based on our in-house prediction tool, WDSP. During the updating of this release, WDSP has been configured to use Psipred 4.0.1, and NCBI BLAST+ 2.13.0 against Uniref90(Release_202202), and 3 iterations with random number seeds of 0,1,2.
• It exhibited the 3D structure models for WD40-repeat proteins whose repeat counts are 6, 7 or 8, and whose confidence category is 'High'. These 3D structures were modeled by MODELLER 10.4 using our customized target-template alignments.
• It mapped about 28,000 missense variants/mutations/substitutions to 231 human WD40 proteins from Swiss-Prot section with confidence category of 'High'. These data are from 9 sources: CancerHotspots, COSMIC, Clinvar, Humsavar from UniprotKB, 1000 Genomes phase 3, IntoGen, IntAct, ExAC, and GnomAD exomes. Besides the general information of variants, we not only provided the special annotations include exact secondary structure locations, featured site identifications (hydrogen bond network, potential hotspots on the top face), but also presented the information obtained from other databases, like pathogenic predictions in dbNSFP,cancer driver mutation from the IntOgen, cancer highly recurrent mutations from the CancerHotspots, and whether the variants were experimentally shown to affect the PPIs based on IntAct annotations.
• The updated WDSP prediction tool that was adopted for building WDSPdb 3.0 is also deployed as a web server. If the interested sequence is not included in the database, the user can submit it to this online tool to make predictions.

WD40 Repeat Protein

• The WD40-repeat domains are one of the most abundant interactors in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. By acting as scaffolds, they assemble various molecular machineries, and play versatile roles in fundamental biological processes including signal transduction, expression regulation, histone modification, ubiquitination, cell cycle control, etc.
• In structure, WD40 domain is a β-propeller usually formed by 6-8 blades, and each blade contains 40-60 residues with conserved GH and WD dipeptides.
• Each WD40 blade is a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet (strand a, b, c and d, connected by loops), and is often stabilized by a strong side-chain hydrogen bond network that is widely and uniquely presented in WD40 proteins. These hydrogen-bond network residues servers as a group of featured sites of WD40 domains.
• The structural blades correspond to the repeated units in sequence, with one strand shifted. That is, a blade contains strand a, b, c, d consecutively, while a repeat unit contains strand d of the previous blade, and strand a, b, c of the blade that follows.
• WD40 domain has three faces, i.e. top, side and bottom faces, to mediate the interactions with other molecules. The top face is better studied than others, and the potential hotspot residues on this face are exposed into the solvent by the β bulge between the strand a and strand b to participate in interactions.

WDSP

• WD40 repeat protein Structure Predictor (WDSP) was developed to accurately predict the secondary structures of WD40 domains, featured sites including hydrogen bond network residues, and interaction hotspot residues.
• The WDSP tool adopts a WD40-specific position weight matrix (PWM) and PSIPRED as backends.
• WDSP is the only tool which can both identify the exact boundaries of WD40 repeat and their structural and functional features up to date.

Statistics

---

The WDSPdb 3.0 is based on UniProtKB 202202, and the data coverage has increased to about 1.6 times of WDSPdb 2.0.

The statistic of all WD40 proteins in different categories

Category	WD40 Proteins	WD40 Repeats	Hydrogen Bond Network	Hotspots on the Top Face
Total	1,670,938	12,617,145	2,611,632	15,660,903
High	576,687	4,776,558	2,154,765	6,427,038
Middle	203,996	1,377,451	297,679	1,649,854
Low	890,255	6,463,136	159,188	7,584,011
Eukaryota	1,067,648	7,887,352	2,275,636	9,961,239
Bacteria	572,434	4,499,652	325,898	5,432,329
Archaea	21,672	173,014	7,645	198,585
Viruses	942	6,550	332	8,622
Homo sapiens (9606)	2,120	13,569	3,932	17,099
Mus musculus (10090)	1,362	9,620	2,758	12,118
Rat (10116)	1,062	8,500	2,616	10,745
Frog (8355)	1,682	13,446	4,008	17,241
Danio rerio (7955)	1,122	8,264	2,304	10,389
Drosophila melanogaster (7227)	621	4,634	1,305	5,944
C. elegans (6239)	311	2,296	614	2,889
Oryza sativa (39947)	947	6,425	2,077	8,097
Arabidopsis thaliana (3702)	1,649	12,600	3,864	15,786
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (559292)	142	1,154	310	1,513
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (284812)	160	1,294	380	1,657

Swiss-Prot

The statistic of Swiss-Prot section WD40 proteins in different categories

Category	WD40 Proteins	WD40 Repeats	Hydrogen Bond Network	Hotspots on the Top Face
Total	1,667,054	12,587,025	2,602,545	15,621,282
High	574,455	4,759,298	2,146,262	6,402,584
Middle	203,715	1,375,068	297,304	1,647,156
Low	888,884	6,452,659	158,979	7,571,542
Eukaryota	1,064,331	7,860,906	2,266,699	9,926,306
Bacteria	571,902	4,496,222	325,755	5,427,986
Archaea	21,663	172,949	7,644	198,493
Viruses	916	6,371	326	8,369
Homo sapiens (9606)	1,726	10,266	2,937	12,961
Mus musculus (10090)	1,000	6,493	1,854	8,157
Rat (10116)	930	7,393	2,239	9,307
Frog (8355)	1,587	12,684	3,747	16,233
Danio rerio (7955)	1,029	7,596	2,062	9,508
Drosophila melanogaster (7227)	528	3,848	1,116	4,906
C. elegans (6239)	218	1,566	410	1,936
Oryza sativa (39947)	915	6,135	1,970	7,683
Arabidopsis thaliana (3702)	1,461	11,134	3,353	13,892
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (559292)	0	0	0	0
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (284812)	0	0	0	0

TrEMBL

The statistic of TrEMBL section WD40 proteins in different categories

Category	WD40 Proteins	WD40 Repeats	Hydrogen Bond Network	Hotspots on the Top Face
Total	1,667,054	12,587,025	2,602,545	15,621,282
High	574,455	4,759,298	2,146,262	6,402,584
Middle	203,715	1,375,068	297,304	1,647,156
Low	888,884	6,452,659	158,979	7,571,542
Eukaryota	1,064,331	7,860,906	2,266,699	9,926,306
Bacteria	571,902	4,496,222	325,755	5,427,986
Archaea	21,663	172,949	7,644	198,493
Viruses	916	6,371	326	8,369
Homo sapiens (9606)	1,726	10,266	2,937	12,961
Mus musculus (10090)	1,000	6,493	1,854	8,157
Rat (10116)	930	7,393	2,239	9,307
Frog (8355)	1,587	12,684	3,747	16,233
Danio rerio (7955)	1,029	7,596	2,062	9,508
Drosophila melanogaster (7227)	528	3,848	1,116	4,906
C. elegans (6239)	218	1,566	410	1,936
Oryza sativa (39947)	915	6,135	1,970	7,683
Arabidopsis thaliana (3702)	1,461	11,134	3,353	13,892
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (559292)	0	0	0	0
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (284812)	0	0	0	0

Tutorial

Home page overview

You can view the slides online below if you can access google docs. Otherwise you need to download the slides to view locally.

How to download data?

You can view the slides online below if you can access google docs. Otherwise you need to download the slides to view locally.

How to use search box?

You can view the slides online below if you can access google docs. Otherwise you need to download the slides to view locally.

Protein detail page

You can view the slides online below if you can access google docs. Otherwise you need to download the slides to view locally.

How to use WDSP predictor?

You can view the slides online below if you can access google docs. Otherwise you need to download the slides to view locally.

Manual

Home Page

• You can hit the “Home” button at the banner to quickly jump to the home page.
• You can hit the “Predictor” button at the banner to jump to the WDSP predictor page to preform the WD40 repeat prediction for your own sequences.
• You can use the “Help” page to learn how to use the database or predictor and understand the provided information. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact with us at the “Contact” page.
• You can click the "Categories" button on the banner to access the WD40 proteins belonging to different UniProt sections, different confidence categories, taxonomy classes, or different model organisms.

• You can get started by using the search bar at the top of the home page to search the proteins using search terms in different groups. There is a drop-down list that allows selecting the group, e.g., Uniprot ID, Uniprot AC, Gene name, Entrez ID, Organism. You can then input your search term(s) accordingly.
• You can also add multiple search bars via the "Add" button on the right. Then you can do advanced search by using multiple conditions.

• You can quickly learn about the WDSPdb and the introductions of WD40 repeat proteins, WDSP predictor, structural feature (hydrogen bond network), functional feature (hotspots on the top face).

• Moreover, you can get started by browsing different classifications or organisms listed below the brief introductions.

• If you use the data of WDSPdb or the WDSP predictor in you research, please cite the associated papers.

Search Result Page

• The search results will be listed on a new page and sorted by "UniProt_AC".
• You can select specific columns and sort them according to the information of searched proteins.

Display by default	Columns	Explanation
On	Accession Number	UniProt accession number (can be sorted)
On	Section	UniProt section, Swiss-Prot or TrEMBL (cannot be sorted)
On	Entry Name	The UniProt entry name (can be sorted)
On	Gene Name	The name of the gene that encode this protein (can be sorted)
On	Organism	The Latin and English name of organism (can be sorted)
On	Confidence Category	The assigned confidence category for that protein as a WD40 protein (can be sorted)
On	Repeat Number	The predicted WD40 repeats number (can be sorted)
Off	WDSP Score	The total score of WDSP, i.e., sum of repeat scores, tetrad sores, and other scoring terms (can be sorted)

• You can export the search results list or customized selected list by multiple formats, such as .txt, .csv, .json, .xml et al ①.
• You can click the "Detail ②" button to access the detailed page of your interested WD40 protein.

Protein Detail Page

Basic protein information

• Take WDR5_HUMAN ① information page as an example.
• The basic information of the protein is displayed as a table at the top of the page ②.
• The information items about include:

Items	Explanation
Accession Number	UniProt accession number
Gene Name	The gene symbol
Gene ID	Entrez gene ID
Protein Name	Full protein name
Organism	The Latin and English name of organism
Organism Domain	The highest taxonomic group of organisms in the biological taxonomy. e.g., Eukaryota, Prokaryota, etc.
Confidence Category	The assigned confidence category for that protein as a WD40 protein
HGNC ID	The HGNC ID of the protein
Data Source	The protein belongs to Swiss-Prot or TrEMBL
dbVar	The link to dbVar for the gene encoding this protein if exists
Experimental Structures of WD40 Domain	The experimental structures covering one of the WD40 repeat
Reference Sequence	protein ID or transcript ID in NCBI Refseq database
Description	Alternative protein names
Functions	The annotated function from UniProt Knowledge Base
Ensembl ID	The Ensembl gene ID, transcript ID and protein ID of this protein

---

The WD40 repeat and secondary structures

• The WD40 repeats and secondary structures were predicted by the updated WDSP. On top of the table, there are the predicted repeats number, avearge repeat score, and the assigned confidence category ①
• You can download the secondary structures and hydrogen-bond and hotspot residues in text format ②.
• Each line in the colored table below is a single WD40 repeat. The columns are described in the following:

Column	Explanation
Repeat ID	The WD40 repeat order number
Score	The score of the predicted WD40 repeat given by WDSP
Start	The start site of the WD40 repeat, means the first site of the strand_d
End	'End' here means the first site of the loop_cd of this repeat. For the last repeat, the 'End' site is the last site of strand_c of this repeat, because the last repeat has no loop_cd
Strand_d	The first strand of the WD40 repeat at the side face of the structure
Loop_da	The loop connecting the strand_d and strand_a at the top-side face of the structure
Strand_a	The second strand of the WD40 repeat at the inner face of the structure
Loop_ab	The loop connecting the strand_a and strand_b at the bottom face of the structure
Strand_b	The third strand of the WD40 repeat
Loop_bc	The loop connecting the strand_b and strand_c at the top face of the structure
Strand_c	The fourth strand of the WD40 repeat
Loop_cd	The loop connecting the strand_c and strand_d of next WD40 repeat at the side-bottom face of the structure
H_bonds	The residues participate in forming hydrogen bond networks of WD40 repeat (also colored blue)
Hotspots	The potential hotspost residues on the top face (also colored red)

---

Structure model & Variants (if mapped)

• Only the proteins whose repeat number are 6, 7, or 8, and the whose confidence categories are 'High' have structure models. All of these structure models are modelled using Modeller by adopting a customized alignment method.
• When the template is itself, this means that this model was built by using itself's experimental structure as the template ①.
• When the template is another UniProt Accession Number, this means the structure model was built by using another protein's structure model (also computaionally built) as the template.
• The secondary structures of the 3D structure models have been annotated by using the WDSP's predicted secondary structures. In the default color scheme, the yellow indicated the β-strand, the magenta indicated the α helix and the white indicated the loops ②.
• You can click the buttons on the action bar to view featured sites, download the 3D structure models or associated sequences, and change the structural display style ③.
• Additionally, you can check the specific variants in the checkbox table at the right side to display ④.
• The display color: sites of variants is grey; sites of hydrogen bond networks is blue; sites of variants on hydrogen bond networks is cyan; sites of potential hotspots is red; sites of variants on hotspots is pink;
• ⑤ The secondary structure locations of the variants in the WD40 repeats. For example: "Sa_6" means the sixth residue of strand a; "Lda_7" means the seventh residue of loop da.

Button	Explanation
Template	Jump to the template page
	View the featured sites as sticks, including potential hotspots on the top face and hydrogen bond networks
	Download the 3D structure models or associated sequences
	Change the structural display style: style, color schemes or background
	Reset all actions
	Expand to full screen to view
	Let the structure spin
	Jump to the help page of 3D structure viewer

---

The variants table

• The table showed the missense variants of human WD40 proteins that belong to “High” confidence category and "Swiss-Prot" section.
• These mutations/variants were collected from different datasets, include IntOGen, IntAct, Clinvar, Cosmic, CancerHotspots, Humsavar, 1000 Genomes Phase 4, ExAC, gnomAD.
• You can select and show specific columns about the mutations/variants and sort them in the dynamic table.

Display by default	Column	Explanation
On	Site	Variant site of the UniProt sequence
On	Substitution	The single amino acid substitution of the variant
On	2D Location	The location of variant on the secondary structure
On	Repeat ID	The ordinal number of WD40 repeat where the variant are located
On	Featured site	The variant is on the hydrogen bond network or hotspot residues on the top face
On	Resource	The data source or database of the variant
On	Clinical Info	The clinical information of the variant from ClinVar, Humsavar, or Cosmic. Please see here.
On	Cancer Driver	The associated cancer types driven by this variant, as annotated in IntOGen.Please see here.
On	Highly Recurrent	Whether the variant is highly recurrent in cancer, as annotated in CancerHotspots or recurrent in COSMIC.
On	PPI Effect	The variant effect on the interaction and specific partner, as annotated in the IntAct. Please see.
On	Humsavar Category	For variants from Humsavar of Swiss-Prot, a category (LP/P, LB/B, US) is provided. Please see here .
On	ClinVAR Significance	For variants from ClinVAR, the significance is provided, as annotated in ClinVAR.
Off	Humsavar FTid	For variants from Humsavar, the Humsavar FTid is provided.
Off	ClinVAR ID	For variants from ClinVAR, the ClinVAR ID is provided.
Off	ClinVAR Review Status	For variants from ClinVAR, the ClinVAR Review Status is provided.
Off	Genome Assembly	If available, the genome assembly that the variant was mapped is provided
Off	Chromosome Coordinate	If available, the genome coordinate that the variant was mapped to the specific genome assembly is provided.
Off	Reference	If available, the PMID of the reference which reported the variant
Off	Allele Frequency	The allele frequency of the variant from the dataset
Off	Reference CDS Changes	The transcript codon changes of the variant
Off	SIFT Class	Prediction of SIFT: "T(olerated)" or "D(eleterious)", The score cutoff between "D" and "T" is 0.05.
Off	SIFT Score	Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant score, range from 0 to 1
Off	MutationAssessor Class	MutationAssessor's functional impact of a variant : predicted functional, i.e. high ("H") or medium ("M"), or predicted non-functional, i.e. low ("L") or neutral ("N"). The MAori score cutoffs between "H" and "M", "M" and "L", and "L" and "N", are 3.5, 1.935 and 0.8, respectively.
Off	MutationAssessor Score	MutationAssessor functional impact combined score, The score ranges from -5.135 to 6.49 in dbNSFP.
Off	FATHMM Class	If a FATHMM score is <=-1.5 (or rankscore >=0.81332) the corresponding nsSNV is predicted as "D(AMAGING)"; otherwise it is predicted as "T(OLERATED)".
Off	FATHMM Score	FATHMM default score (weighted for human inherited-disease mutations with Disease Ontology) (FATHMMori). Scores range from -16.13 to 10.64. The smaller the score the more likely the SNP has damaging effect.
Off	MetaSVM class	Prediction of our SVM based ensemble prediction score,"T(olerated)" or "D(amaging)". The score cutoff between "D" and "T" is 0.
Off	MetaSVM Score	Support vector machine (SVM) based ensemble prediction score, which incorporated 10 scores (SIFT, PolyPhen-2 HDIV, PolyPhen-2 HVAR, GERP++, MutationTaster, Mutation Assessor, FATHMM, LRT, SiPhy, PhyloP) and the maximum frequency observed in the 1000 genomes populations. Larger value means the SNV is more likely to be damaging. Scores range from -2 to 3 in dbNSFP.
Off	MetaLR Class	Prediction of MetaLR based ensemble prediction score,"T(olerated)" or "D(amaging)". The score cutoff between "D" and "T" is 0.5.
Off	MetaLR Score	Logistic regression (LR) based ensemble prediction score, which incorporated 10 scores (SIFT, PolyPhen-2 HDIV, PolyPhen-2 HVAR, GERP++, MutationTaster, Mutation Assessor, FATHMM, LRT, SiPhy, PhyloP) and the maximum frequency observed in the 1000 genomes populations. Larger value means the SNV is more likely to be damaging. Scores range from 0 to 1.
Off	CADD Phred	CADD score.The larger the score the more likely the SNP has damaging effect.If you would like to apply a cutoff on deleteriousness, e.g. to identify potentially pathogenic variants, we would suggest to put a cutoff somewhere between 10 and 20. Maybe at 15, as this also happens to be the median value for all possible canonical splice site changes and non-synonymous variants. However, there is not a natural choice here -- it is always arbitrary. We therefore recommend integrating C-scores with other evidence and to rank your candidates for follow up rather than hard filtering.
Off	Polyphen2 HDIV Class	Polyphen2 prediction based on HumDiv, "D" ("probably damaging", HDIV score in [0.957,1]), "P" ("possibly damaging", HDIV score in [0.453,0.956]) and "B" ("benign", HDIV score in [0,0.452] ). Score cutoff for binary classification is 0.5 for HDIV score
Off	Polyphen2 HDIV Score	Polyphen2 score based on HumDiv. The score ranges from 0 to 1
Off	Polyphen2 HVAR Class	Polyphen2 prediction based on HumVar, "D" ("probably damaging", HVAR score in [0.909,1]), "P" ("possibly damaging", HVAR in [0.447,0.908]) and "B" ("benign", HVAR score in [0,0.446]). Score cutoff for binary classification is 0.5 for HVAR score
Off	Polyphen2 HVAR Class	Polyphen2 score based on HumVar. The score ranges from 0 to 1.

Clinical Information

ClinVar:

The clinical information for variants from ClinVar, is based on the clinvar_trait from dbNSFP database. ClinVar uses official terminology for clinical information. The authorities clinical information are detailed on their Nomenclature page.

Cosmic:

The clinical information of variants from Cosmic, is based on the CMC data file, column 24 (disease).

Humsavar:

The clinical information of variants from Humsavar, is based on the humsavar data file, column 7 (Disease name).

---

Cancer Driver

The abbreviation of cancer types:

Abbreviation	Full Name
ALL	acute lymphoid leukemia
AML	acute myeloid leukemia
BLCA	bladder carcinoma
BRCA	breast carcinoma
CLL	chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CM	cutaneous melanoma
COREAD	colorectal adenocarcinoma
DLBC	diffuse large B cell lymphoma
ESCA	esophageal carcinoma
GBM	glioblastoma multiforme
HC	hepatic carcinoma
HNSC	head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
LGG	lower grade glioma
LUAD	lung adenocarcinoma
LUSC	lung squamous cell carcinoma
MB	medulloblastoma
MM	multiple myeloma
NB	neuroblastoma
NSCLC	non small cell lung carcinoma
OV	serous ovarian adenocarcinoma
PA	pilocytic astrocytoma
PAAD	pancreas adenocarcinoma
PRAD	prostate adenocarcinoma
RCCC	renal clear cell carcinoma
SCLC	small cell lung carcinoma
STAD	stomach adenocarcinoma
THCA	thyroid carcinoma
UCEC	uterine corpus endometrioid carcinoma

---

PPI Effect

Format of PPI effect:

Effect type:Interaction partner

There are several effect types of mutations covered, the terms used have been described in the PSI-MI controlled vocabularies, accessible at www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/mi:

• Mutation (MI:0118): A change in a sequence or structure in comparison to a reference entity due to a insertion, deletion or substitution event. This root term is used when there is a mutation present in a protein and the wild type version has not been tested or shown to interact in the referenced paper.
  • Mutation causing an interaction (MI:2227): A change in a sequence or structure in comparison to a reference entity due to a insertion, deletion or substitution event that enables an interaction when compared with the wild-type, which does not interact.
  • Mutation decreasing interaction (MI:0119): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion decreases significantly interaction strength or rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
    • Mutation decreasing interaction rate (MI:1130): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion decreases significantly interaction rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
    • Mutation decreasing interaction strength (MI:1133): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion decreases significantly interaction strength.
    • Mutation disrupting interaction (MI:0573): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion totally disrupts an interaction strength or rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
      • Mutation disrupting interaction rate (MI:1129): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion totally disrupts an interaction rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
      • Mutation disrupting interaction strength (MI:1128): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion totally disrupts an interaction strength.
      
  • Mutation increasing interaction (MI:0382): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion increases significantly interaction strength or rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
    • Mutation increasing interaction rate (MI:1131): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion increases significantly interaction rate (in the case of interactions inferred from enzymatic reaction).
    • Mutation increasing interaction strength (MI:1132): Region of a molecule whose mutation or deletion increases significantly interaction strength.
  • Mutation with no effect (MI:2226): A change in a sequence or structure in comparison to a reference entity due to a insertion, deletion or substitution event that does not have any effect over an interaction when compared with the wild-type.

Predictor Help

• You should input a jobname to name your submitted task. Empty is not allowed ①.
• You should input your email address ② to receive the link to your prediction result page.
• You can choose different random number generating seeds ③ . The output result only presents the best one in all of your input seeds.
• There are two BLAST searching databases ④: Swiss-Prot 202202 or UniRef90 202202. You could choose the much larger database, UniRef90, to get better predictions. But choosing the UniRef90 would be very time consuming.
• The input sequence must be in standard FASTA format.
• Only one sequence will be processed in each run. And the sequence should be longer than 40. You can click the “EXAMPLE” ⑤ to get the example input.
• Please try to cut the known non-WD40 regions away from your sequence, thus the prediction would become faster.
• Click the “SUBMIT” button ⑥ to submit your task and it would jump to the result page when the task finished. In addition, your email box will receive the result link if provided.

Citations

If you use the data of WDSPdb or the WDSP predictor in your research, please cite the following references:

1. Ma, J., An, K., Zhou, J.B., Wu, N.S., Wang, Y., Ye, Z.Q., Wu, Y.D. (2019). WDSPdb: an updated resource for WD40 proteins. Bioinformatics, [PMID: 31161214]
2. Wang, Y., Hu, X.J., Zou, X.D., Wu, X.H., Ye, Z.Q. and Wu, Y.D. (2015) WDSPdb: a database for WD40-repeat proteins. Nucleic Acids Res, 43 , D339-344. [PMID: 25348404]
3. Wang, Y., Jiang, F., Zhuo, Z., Wu, X.H., Wu, Y.D. (2013). A Method for WD40 Repeat Detection and Secondary Structure Prediction. PLoS ONE , 8(6) , e65705. [PMID: 23776530]
4. Wu, X.H., Wang, Y., Zhuo, Z.,Jiang, F., Wu, Y.D. (2012). Identifying the hotspots on the top faces of WD40-repeat proteins from their primary sequences by beta-bulges and DHSW tetrads. PLoS ONE , 7(8) , e43005. [PMID: 22916195]

Frequently Asked Questions